Category: Psychology

The selfie is sometimes linked to low self-esteem and low life satisfaction, but it depends on your personality.

Selfie viewing on social media is related to lower self-esteem and lower life satisfaction, new research finds.

The study focused on people ‘lurking’ on social media, rather than being active.

Lurking is just observing, rather than taking part.

Posting to social media was not linked to self-esteem or life satisfaction, the researchers found.

However, the more often people looked at selfies — whether their own or other people’s — the lower their self-esteem and life satisfaction.

Ms Ruoxu Wang, the study’s first author, said:

“People usually post selfies when they’re happy or having fun.

This makes it easy for someone else to look at these pictures and think your his or her life is not as great as theirs.”

Selfie viewing good for some

Selfie viewing didn’t have negative implications for everyone, though.

Those with the greatest desire to be popular had higher self-esteem and life satisfaction if they looked at more selfies.

This is probably because it was more likely to satisfy their inner desire to appear popular.

Ms Wang continued:

“We don’t often think about how what we post affects the people around us.

I think this study can help people understand the potential consequences of their posting behavior.

This can help counselors work with students feeling lonely, unpopular, or unsatisfied with their lives.”

Benefits of taking a smiling selfie

While looking at selfies is related to poorer outcomes, taking them might not be so bad for you.

One study has found that taking smiling selfies is linked to feeling more confident and comfortable:

“Taking selfies and sharing them with friends makes people happier, new research finds.

Participants in the study took smiling selfies every day over a couple of ordinary weeks.

Selfies were not the only types of pictures that cheered people up.

The researchers found that sharing images that made the taker feel happy also worked.”

The study was published in the journal Telematics and Informatics (Wang et al., 2016).

Correlation does not equal causation and more standard disclaimers.

Below I’ve listed some ‘standard disclaimers’ that should be applied to some of the studies I mention.

Occasionally I mention these in passing, when they are relevant, more often I don’t.

Most of these disclaimers would be introduced to first year psychology students early on in the course.

I don’t like to repeat them every time as it gets repetitive, so here they are in one place.

1. Correlation does not equal causation. If a study has a correlational design, you can’t conclude that one thing causes the other. If you see the word survey then it’s probably a correlational study.
2. One swallow does not a summer make. One study can’t prove a theory true or, for that matter, prove a theory wrong.
3. People are different (I). Psychologists are generally interested in how everybody’s minds work, on average. Individuals can be as unique and different as two snowflakes.
4. People are different (II). Lots of studies are done on young, white, middle-class college students. Many people are not white, middle-class college students, or even all that young. Does that mean the results of the studies should be binned? Not necessarily, but it is something to bear in mind.
5. It’s the effect size, stupid. Just because a study finds a statistical difference, it doesn’t mean that it makes a real-world difference. Statisticians use something called an ‘effect size’ to quantify this. I almost never mention these.
6. They only measured two things. In the simplest studies, scientists measure two things (let’s say happiness and long life), then, after a survey, pronounce a relationship between them. Yes, there could be all kinds of other things going on that weren’t measured, it’s true.

Weird fact about how our brains change size over a single day.

The human brain is biggest in the morning and gets smaller as the day progresses.

By tomorrow morning, though, it will be back to its ‘full’ size.

The conclusions come from a study of thousands of brain scans carried out to investigate Alzheimer’s disease and multiple sclerosis.

Scientists found that people generally had the biggest brains in the morning and they shrank progressively into the afternoon and evening.

The total amount of shrinkage is not that great: certainly less than 1% and probably closer to 0.3%.

Why?

The study’s authors write:

“A possible mechanism may be that lying down during the night is associated with a redistribution of body fluids that had accumulated in the lower extremities during the day.

It is also possible that the effect of time-of-day is associated with hydration status.”

The study was published in the journal Neuroimage (Nakamura et al., 2015).

Brain image from Shutterstock

How fashion helps us fit in with others as well as sets us apart.

When women move to a new city they take note of the height of other women’s high heels.

Then they tend to copy the heel-height worn by affluent women and ignore the heels of less affluent women.

Professor Kurt Gray, author of new study analysing shoe purchases by women, said:

“In other words, women want to look like the rich girls, and different from the poor girls.”

The researchers call this ‘trickle down conformity’: the idea that fashion tends to trickle trends down from above.

Cheaper retailers watch the latest fashions in Italy, but the Italians don’t pay much attention to Walmart.

The image below shows the average height of heels sold around the US.

It is all down to status, says Professor Gray:

“From the beginning of time, people have thirsted for respect and social standing, and have aligned themselves with the powerful and distanced themselves from the powerless.

So it makes sense that they do the same with heel sizes.”

While the research only involved women, a similar phenomenon is likely to be seen in men, although probably not in the purchase of high heels.

Professor Gray said::

“Men do the same thing when they purchase clothes, electronics or cars.

When you move from Wichita to LA, you look around and sell your Chevy for a BMW, but when you move from Los Angeles to Wichita, Kansas, you look around, and then just keep the BMW.”

Fashion, explained Professor Gray, is about fitting in and also about distinguishing yourself from others:

“We often think of fashion as something frivolous, but it’s an industry worth $1.7 trillion annually, and clothing often helps define ourselves.”

The study was published in the journal PLOS ONE (Galak et al., 2016).

Image credit: Gilt

Would you put a blanket over someone, put pressure on a wound or simply offer a glass of water?

Only around 2.5% of people receive help from strangers in a public medical emergency, new research finds.

For African-Americans the news is worse: only 1.8% were helped by a stranger compared with 4.2% of Caucasians.

The figures relate to getting help from strangers before emergency medical personnel arrived.

Dr Erin York Cornwell, the study’s lead author, said:

“It’s very surprising and disappointing to find such low rates of people helping each other and that African-American patients and those in poorer counties are left to wait longer for help.”

The type of assistance passers-by can give includes putting a blanket over someone, putting pressure on a wound or simply offering a glass of water.

Dr Cornwell said:

“We find evidence that bystanders can provide help in a huge range of scenarios, but the rates of assistance are so incredibly low.”

The conclusions come from an analysis of almost 22,500 patients who suffered a medical emergency.

Certain neighbourhoods can make it more difficult for people to offer help, Dr Cornwell said:

“When you have a neighborhood environment where people don’t know each other, where people are wary of strangers on the street, and someone needs help right in that moment, people may be more likely to just look away or keep walking without lending a hand.”

The very fact that people do not tend to help each other in more disadvantaged neighbourhoods could be contributing to poorer health in these areas, Dr Cornwell said:

“Disparities in health across race are persistent and growing in many cases.

We don’t really have a good understanding of the reasons why we see such large disparities.

These day-to-day processes could be an important contributor.”

The study was published in the American Journal of Public Health (Cornwell & Currit, 2016).

Accident image from Shutterstock

How the brain deals with conflicts between science and religion.

Religion and science activate different networks in the brain and each suppresses the other, new research finds.

The more empathic a person is, the more likely they are to be religious, the study also found.

Religious people, though, tend to suppress the circuits in the brain which are responsible for analytical thinking.

When people are thinking about the physical world analytically, they suppress the brain circuits related to empathy.

Professor Richard Boyatzis, one of the study’s authors, said:

“Because the networks suppress each other, they may create two extremes.

Recognizing that this is how the brain operates, maybe we can create more reason and balance in the national conversations involving science and religion.”

Dr Tony Jack, the study’s first author, said:

“When there’s a question of faith, from the analytic point of view, it may seem absurd.

But, from what we understand about the brain, the leap of faith to belief in the supernatural amounts to pushing aside the critical/analytical way of thinking to help us achieve greater social and emotional insight.”

Scans revealed a network of neurons which is active when we want to think critically about the world.

The brain also has a network of neurons for thinking empathetically.

Dr Jack explained:

“Because of the tension between networks, pushing aside a naturalistic world view enables you to delve deeper into the social/emotional side.

And that may be the key to why beliefs in the supernatural exist throughout the history of cultures.

It appeals to an essentially nonmaterial way of understanding the world and our place in it.”

Mr Jared Friedman, one of the study’s authors, said:

“Having empathy doesn’t mean you necessarily have anti-scientific beliefs.

Instead, our results suggest that if we only emphasize analytic reasoning and scientific beliefs, as the New Atheist movement suggests, then we are compromising our ability to cultivate a different type of thinking, namely social/moral insight.

“These findings, are consistent with the philosophical view, espoused by (Immanuel) Kant, according to which there are two distinct types of truth: empirical and moral.”

Naturally, we need both analytical and empathic networks, said Dr Jack said:

“Far from always conflicting with science, under the right circumstances religious belief may positively promote scientific creativity and insight.

Many of history’s most famous scientists were spiritual or religious.

Those noted individuals were intellectually sophisticated enough to see that there is no need for religion and science to come into conflict.

You can be religious and be a very good scientist.”

The study was published in the journal PLOS ONE (Jack et al., 2016).

Space image from Shutterstock

Both groups solved the same number of problems, but in different ways.

The way liberals and conservatives go about solving problems is quite different, a new study finds.

In tests of verbal problems, liberals tend to rely more on sudden insight, while conservatives rely more on analytic thinking.

Both groups, however, solved the same number of problems.

Dr Carola Salvi, who led the study, said:

“Liberals have a less structured and more flexible cognitive style, according to those studies.

Our research indicates that cognitive differences in people with different political orientations also are apparent in a task that some consider to be convergent thinking: finding a single solution to a problem.

[…]

This view is consistent with similar results from other labs across behavioral, neuroscientific and genetic studies, which converge in showing that conservatives have more structured and persistent cognitive styles.”

The research involved students who were divided into three groups: conservative, liberal and neutral.

The people who scored neutral were excluded.

They had to answer problems from a classic problem-solving test.

Here is an example: what single word can be added to all of these three words ‘pine’, ‘crab’ and ‘sauce’ to produce a compound word or phrase?

I have put the answer right at the bottom of the post in case you want to try solving it yourself.

Professor Mark Beeman, another of the study’s authors, said:

“It’s not that there’s a different capacity to solve problems.

It’s more about which processes people end up engaging in to solve the problem.”

In life we need both analytical and insight-based approaches, Dr Salvi said:

“Liberals tended more than conservatives to use insight to solve verbal problems in which you have to ‘think outside the box’.

Everyday life presents us with a variety of scenarios where we are asked to solve problems analytically, others only with a spark of insight, most of them can be solved either way.

In this last case, liberals are more likely to achieve the solution with an ‘Aha!’ moment, whereas conservatives’ problem solving approach does not prefer one style or the other.”

** The answer is ‘apple’.

The study was published in The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology (Salvi et al., 2016).

Politicians image from Shutterstock

Three positive mental aspects of playing video games.

Video games are linked to higher intellectual functioning in children, new research finds.

In addition, the more children played video games, the better adjusted they were at school.

The findings come from a study of children aged 6-11.

Researchers found no link between mental health and video game use.

They did find, however, that video game use was linked to better relationship with their peers.

Dr Katherine M. Keyes, one of the study’s authors, said:

“Video game playing is often a collaborative leisure time activity for school-aged children.

These results indicate that children who frequently play video games may be socially cohesive with peers and integrated into the school community.

We caution against over interpretation, however, as setting limits on screen usage remains and important component of parental responsibility as an overall strategy for student success.

Naturally, an association cannot show that computer games have a causative effect. Future research is required…

The study was published in the journal Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology (Kovess-Masfety et al., 2016).

Video games image from Shutterstock

Why labels matter so much for people with mental illlness.

People show less tolerance to those referred to as ‘the mentally ill’, new research finds.

The better terminology to use is “people with mental illness”.

The emphasis, then, is on the word ‘people’ rather than the label of mental illness.

Mr Todd Gibbs, who co-authored the study, said:

“Person-first language is a way to honor the personhood of an individual by separating their identity from any disability or diagnosis he or she might have.”

The study found that even experienced counsellors were more likely to be prejudiced against those referred to as ‘the mentally ill’.

Professor Darcy Haag Granello, who co-authored the study, said:

“This isn’t just about saying the right thing for appearances.

The language we use has real effects on our levels of tolerance for people with mental illness.

When you say ‘people with a mental illness,’ you are emphasizing that they aren’t defined solely by their disability.

But when you talk about ‘the mentally ill’ the disability is the entire definition of the person.”

Incredibly, it’s been 20 years since ‘person-first’ language was suggested, but no one has formally tested the effects until now.

Professor Granello said:

“It is shocking to me that there hasn’t been research on this before.

It is such a simple study.

But the results show that our intuition about the importance of person-first language was valid.”

The research involved students, professional counsellors and counsellors in training, who also succumbed to the bias.

Professor Granello concluded:

“I understand why people use the term ‘the mentally ill.’

It is shorter and less cumbersome than saying ‘people with mental illness’.

But I think people with mental illness deserve to have us change our language.

Even if it is more awkward for us, it helps change our perception, which ultimately may lead us to treat all people with the respect and understanding they deserve.”

The study was published in the Journal of Counseling & Development (Granello & Gibbs, 2016).

Label image from Shutterstock

It’s true: some people really can’t hold their drink.

A gene has been identified which may help to explain why some people can’t hold their drink.

Most people know someone who only has to have a little alcohol to make them start acting very strangely.

The genetic mutation, which affects a receptor called serotonin 2B, has been identified by Finnish researchers.

Dr Roope Tikkanen, who led the research, said:

“The results also indicate that persons with this mutation are more impulsive by nature even when sober, and they are more likely to struggle with self-control or mood disorders.”

The serotonin 2B receptor is thought to be linked to impulsivity.

The mutation is present in around 2.2% of people.

Dr Tikkanen said:

“The impact of one gene on complex phenomena is typically minor.

But it is possible to identify the impact of such a genetic mutation in the Finnish population, as our historical isolation has led to a relatively homogenous gene pool.”

The study was published in the journal Translational Psychiatry (Tikkanen et al., 2015).

Drunk image from Shutterstock