Category: Mental Health

Sometimes we need to make mistakes in order to learn and grow.

The reward areas of the brain activate when people learn from their mistakes, a new study finds.

People normally feel bad about mistakes and try to avoid them in future.

But sometimes we need to make mistakes in order to learn and improve.

Now neuroscientists have found that if people are given the opportunity to reflect, they could feel good about their mistakes.

Dr Giorgio Coricelli, one of the study’s authors, said:

“We show that, in certain circumstances, when we get enough information to contextualize the choices, then our brain essentially reaches towards the reinforcement mechanism, instead of turning toward avoidance.”

So, after reflecting positively on mistakes, people may not be so averse to trying something new.

In the research, people answered questions which they either got right or wrong.

Naturally, people felt bad when they got them wrong and the areas of the brain related to avoidance activated.

Subsequently, though, people were given a chance to review their mistakes.

Scientists found that people’s brain responded positively when reflecting.

Brain scans revealed the ‘reward circuit’ activating during the review.

This suggested that even mistakes can feel rewarding, given time for reflection.

The study was published in the journal Nature Communications (Palminteri et al., 2015).

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How mental and physical stresses interact in the brain’s prefrontal cortex.

Both mental and physical stress can interact to cause fatigue, a new study finds.

The brain’s resources in the prefrontal cortex — an area used for planning and control — are divided during physical and mental activity, the research found.

Dr Ranjana Mehta, the study’s first author, said:

“Existing examinations of physical and mental fatigue has been limited to evaluating cardiovascular, muscular and biomechanical changes.

The purpose of this study was to use simultaneous monitoring of brain and muscle function to examine the impact on the PFC [prefrontal cortex] while comparing the changes in brain behavior with traditional measures of fatigue.”

For the research, participants repeatedly squeezed on a hand-grip while performing mental tasks designed to fatigue them.

At the same time, an area of the brain called the prefrontal cortex was monitored.

The prefrontal cortex is the part of the brain at the front above and behind the eyes.

This area is vital to our personalities, how we plan complex actions, and more.

The researchers found that the prefrontal cortex became more ‘tired’ when people were performing both mental and physical tasks.

It appears the brain devotes some of its resources to physical tasks and some to mental tasks.

The research is one of the first to show how mental and physical tasks can interact to fatigue the brain.

Dr Mehta said:

“Not a lot of people see the value in looking at both the brain and the body together.

However, no one does purely physical or mental work; they always do both.”

So, it appears the brain is like a muscle in the sense that work — whether mental or physical — weakens its strength.

The study was published in the journal Human Factors (Mehta & Parasuraman, 2015).

Mental work image from Shutterstock

Treat your gut well and this is why your brain will thank you.

Changes in bacteria in the gut are linked to critical psychological changes, a new mouse study finds.

A high-fat diet could increase the risk of repetitive behaviours, depression and anxiety, researchers have concluded.

Dr. John Krystal, editor of journal Biological Psychiatry, where the article was published, said:

“This paper suggests that high-fat diets impair brain health, in part, by disrupting the symbiotic relationship between humans and the microorganisms that occupy our gastrointestinal tracts.”

As the authors write, this is the…

“…first definitive evidence that high-fat diet-induced changes to the gut microbiome [the community of organisms in the human gut] are sufficient to disrupt brain physiology and function in the absence of obesity.” (Annadora et al., 2015)

In the study, non-obese mice were fed a normal diet.

But they were then given the gut microbiota — the microorganisms which live in the gut — from another mouse which had been fed a high-fat diet.

These were compared with mice who were given gut microbiota from a mouse fed on a normal diet.

Remarkable changes were seen in the non-obese mice that had been given the microbiota from the high-fat mice.

They showed signs of depression, anxiety, memory problems and repetitive behaviours.

There were also signs of brain inflammation.

High-fat diets have long been known to increase the risk of physical problems like stroke and heart disease.

This study is part of a growing body of research showing the link between brain and gut.

For example, the first ever human study of its kind recently found that consuming a prebiotic bacteria can have an anti-anxiety effect.

The authors conclude:

“…these data are in agreement with the extensive body of literature describing the sensitivity of the brain to diet-induced obesity and the growing number of studies linking gut microbiota to central nervous system health and behavior.

For example, there is a reported high comorbidity [overlap] between psychiatric syndromes, including depression and anxiety, with gastrointestinal disorders, while conversely, recent studies link probiotics to positive changes in mood and behavior.”

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Hearing voices is much more common than you might think.

The experience of hearing voices is common and much more variable than previously thought, a new study finds.

Many people who do not have a psychiatric diagnosis hear voices.

It is thought between 5 and 15% of people will experience hearing voices at some point in their lives (scroll down for Rachel’s story).

Researchers asked 153 people about their experiences of hearing voices.

Most of them (81%) said they heard more than one voice, with 70% saying they heard specific characters.

Only around half the people said their voices were purely sounds they heard.

Almost half said they were more thought-like voices or somewhere in between sounds and thoughts.

Two-thirds of people also reported feeling bodily sensations while hearing voices.

These included tingling or hot sensations in the hands or feet.

Dr Nev Jones, one of the study’s authors, said:

“By and large, these voices were not experienced simply as intrusive or unwanted thoughts, but rather, like the auditory voices, as distinct ‘entities’ with their own personalities and content.

This data also suggests that we need to think much more carefully about the distinction between imagined percepts, such as sound, and perception.”

Rachels’ story

Rachel Waddingham is a former psychiatric patient who has successfully rejected the labels, and the medications, to live alongside her voices.

She says:

“I hear about 13 or so voices.

Each of them is different — some have names, they are different ages and sound like different people.

Some of them are very angry and violent, others are scared, and others are mischievous.

Sometimes, I hear a child who is very frightened.

When she is frightened I can sometimes feel pains in my body — burning.

If I can help the voice calm down, by doing some grounding strategies, the burning pains stop.

Since going to a Hearing Voices Group, I have found ways of making sense of and coping with my voices.

I no longer feel terrorised by them even though some of them say some very frightening things.

I now have a family of voices and have a better relationship with them.

I can make a choice about how I respond to them — whether I listen to them, and how I reply.

Some of them are now much more helpful — they can be a window to my feelings, letting me know about a problem that I have in my life that I need to address.

Although in our society, people who hear voices are often seen as ‘mad’ or ‘crazy’, I do think things are changing.

I find that lots of people are interested in voice-hearing.

Many people have told me about experiences they have had — either in their childhood, or as an adult.

It’s as if by talking about voices we are starting to de-stigmatise the experience and opening the door for others to speak openly too.

As long as we believe that voices are signs of pathology and illness, it makes little sense to really explore a person’s lived experience.

Instead we try to suppress or eliminate the voices as far as possible.

Listening to them seems ‘crazy’.

Still, in my experience it can be really useful to be interested in people’s lived experience of voice-hearing.

Every one of us is different, and being curious about my experiences was one of the first steps to dealing with them.

This research is a step forward.

If we want to understand more about voice-hearing, it makes sense to ask a voice-hearer — and be willing to modify our perception of what it means to hear voices based on their answers.

For me, the word ‘voices’ isn’t sufficient.

I use it, but it hides the embodied parts of my experience for which I have few words to describe.

I would like to live in a world where we are curious about one another’s experiences and seek to understand rather than pathologise.

Everyone has a story and the world would be much kinder if we started to listen to it.”

The study is published in the journal Lancet Psychiatry (Woods et al., 2015).

You can read more about Rachel’s story at her website.

Hands over ears image from Shutterstock

How smartphone addiction could be affecting some people’s ability to think.

Smartphone addiction has been linked to lazy thinking by a new psychology study.

Smarter people tend to use the search function on their smartphones less often, the research has found.

Intuitive thinkers, though, who tend to be less intelligent, are more prone to searching for information on smartphones.

Gordon Pennycook, who co-led the study, said:

“They may look up information that they actually know or could easily learn, but are unwilling to make the effort to actually think about it.”

In contrast, analytical thinkers, who are generally more intelligent, search less.

Dr Nathaniel Barr, who co-led the study, said:

“Decades of research has revealed that humans are eager to avoid expending effort when problem-solving and it seems likely that people will increasingly use their smartphones as an extended mind.”

Smartphone addiction

The research asked 660 people about their smartphone addiction.

Their verbal and literacy skills were also assessed, along with their thinking style.

The results showed that people with stronger and more analytical thinking skills used the search function on their smartphones the least.

The study is published in the journal Computers in Human Behavior (Barr et al., 2015).

Mr Pennycook said:

“Our research provides support for an association between heavy smartphone use and lowered intelligence.

Whether smartphones actually decrease intelligence is still an open question that requires future research.”

That said, it may be that a smartphone addiction leaves people with weaker thinking skills.

Dr Barr continued:

“Our reliance on smartphones and other devices will likely only continue to rise.

It’s important to understand how smartphones affect and relate to human psychology before these technologies are so fully ingrained that it’s hard to recall what life was like without them.

We may already be at that point.”

Smartphone user image from Shutterstock

Study reveals how vitamin D benefits mental disorders, as do omega-3 fatty acids.

Serotonin regulation could explain why vitamin D benefits many brain disorders, as do marine omega-3 fatty acids, a new study finds.

Depression, autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), bipolar disorder and even schizophrenia have all been linked to low levels of vitamin D and omega-3.

Low levels of serotonin have been found to impair memory, planning, social behaviour and increase impulsiveness and aggression.

Supplementation with these essential nutrients has shown promise in improving some of these conditions.

Until now, though, scientists have been unsure of the mechanism of how omega-3 and vitamin D benefits such a wide range of conditions.

Vitamin D benefits

The new study, published in the FASEB Journal, finds that the link could be how they interact with serotonin, a vital neurotransmitter (Patrick & Ames, 2015).

Dr Rhonda P. Patrick, the study’s first author,

“In this paper we explain how serotonin is a critical modulator of executive function, impulse control, sensory gating, and pro-social behavior.

We link serotonin production and function to vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids, suggesting one way these important micronutrients help the brain function and affect the way we behave.”

Vitamin D is mostly produced in the body when sun strikes the skin, which is why these levels tend to be much lower in the winter.

Along with low levels of vitamin D, many people do not eat enough fish and so have low levels of two critical marine omega-3 fatty acids — Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).

Dr Patrick said:

“Vitamin D, which is converted to a steroid hormone that controls about 1,000 genes, many in the brain, is a major deficiency in the US and omega-3 fatty acid deficiencies are very common because people don’t eat enough fish,”

The researchers think that the correct intake of both omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin D benefits many brain disorders.

Serotonin image from Shutterstock

Stress’ effect on pain was the exact reverse of what scientists expected.

Scientists have been surprised to find that under psychosocial stress — such as during an exam — people find it more difficult to inhibit pain and feel that pain more intensely.

The results come as a surprise since ‘common knowledge’ suggests that people become more resistant to pain under stress.

In the study, 29 men were given a rigged math test which stressed them out by sometimes telling them their answers were wrong, even when they are right.

Before and afterwards, they were also given a series of different pain tests.

The results, published in the journal Pain, were the exact opposite of what they expected (Geva et al., 2014).

Professor Ruth Defrin, who led the study, explained:

“We were sure we would see an increased ability to modulate pain, because you hear anecdotes about people who are injured during fighting or sports having greater pain modulation.

But we were surprised to find quite the opposite.

While there was no visible effect of acute stress on the subject’s pain threshold or tolerance, pain modulation decreased in a very dramatic way.”

In other words: under stress people could cope with the same amount of pain, but were unable to ‘turn down’ the sensation.

Some people were particularly susceptible to stress, Professor Defrin explained:

“We found that not only does psychosocial stress reduce the ability to modulate pain, the changes were significantly more robust among subjects with stronger reaction to stress (‘high responders’).

The higher the perceived stress, the more dysfunctional the pain modulation capabilities became.

In other words, the type of stress and magnitude of its appraisal determine its interaction with the pain system.

We know from our previous studies and studies of others that chronic stress is far more damaging than acute stress, associated not only with dysfunctional pain modulation capabilities but also with chronic pain and systemic illnesses,”

Professor Defrin continued:

“Modern life exposes individuals to many, recurrent stressful situations.

While there is no way to predict the type of stress we will feel under different circumstances, it is advisable to do everything in our power — adopt relaxation and stress reduction techniques as well as therapy — to reduce the amount of stress in our lives.”

Pain image from Shutterstock

The ironic effect of stress on desire and pleasure.

Although stress causes a huge increase in people’s desire for an indulgence, like chocolate, ironically it does not increase the pleasure obtained, a new study finds.

People under stress, researchers found, made three times as much effort to just smell some chocolate, compared with other chocolate-lovers who weren’t under stress.

Eva Pool, the study’s lead author, said:

“Most of us have experienced stress that increases our craving for rewarding experiences, such as eating a tasty bar of chocolate, and it can make us invest considerable effort in obtaining the object of our desire, such as running to a convenience store in the middle of the night.

But while stress increases our desire to indulge in rewards, it does not necessarily increase the enjoyment we experience.”

The study, published in the Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition, had some people hold their hand in ice-water while they were watched and videotaped (Pool et al., 2014).

This served to stress them out in comparison to another group who simply put their hand in lukewarm water.

Both groups, all of whom were chocolate-lovers, were then asked to a squeeze a handgrip for the chance to smell some chocolate.

The group who were under stress squeezed harder on the handgrip, suggesting they wanted the chocolate more than the other group.

However, stress didn’t make people rate the smell of the chocolate any higher.

Dr Tobias Brosch, another of the study’s authors, said:

“Stress plays a critical role in many psychological disorders and is one of the most important factors determining relapses in addiction, gambling and binge eating.

Stress seems to flip a switch in our functioning: If a stressed person encounters an image or a sound associated with a pleasant object, this may drive them to invest an inordinate amount of effort to obtain it.”

Image credit: s-inator

These cells are the key to recovery from a stroke.

A mechanism by which the brain creates new nerve cells to help it recover from a stroke has been discovered.

The research could eventually lead to new therapies for stroke sufferers, as well as Parkinson’s and Huntington’s disease.

Strokes are caused by blood vessels in the brain getting blocked by a clot — this causes nerve cells to die.

The death of vital brain cells can lead to devastating effects on people’s thinking, motor and sensory abilities.

The new study, though, shows exactly how the brain recovers from these insults and might point the way to new treatments.

Researchers in Sweden have found that after a stroke, support cells, known as astrocytes, start to form new nerve cells in the brain (Magnusson et al., 2014).

Astrocytes are the most plentiful type of cell in the human brain and they have a characteristic star-shape (see image above).

The research, published in the journal Science, induced strokes in mice, then used genetic methods to determine that the astrocytes were forming immature nerve cells, which were ultimately maturing.

Professor Zaal Kokaia, one of the study’s authors said:

“This is the first time that astrocytes have been shown to have the capacity to start a process that leads to the generation of new nerve cells after a stroke.”

Olle Lindvall, who co-authored the study, explained how the research might benefit stroke patients, as well as those with Parkinson’s and Huntington’s disease:

“One of the major tasks now is to explore whether astrocytes are also converted to neurons in the human brain following damage or disease.

Interestingly, it is known that in the healthy human brain, new nerve cells are formed in the striatum.

The new data raise the possibility that some of these nerve cells derive from local astrocytes.

If the new mechanism also operates in the human brain and can be potentiated, this could become of clinical importance not only for stroke patients, but also for replacing neurons which have died, thus restoring function in patients with other disorders such as Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease.”

Image credit: Bruno Pascal

Men and women both showed equivalent empathy despite the stereotype.

Seeing another person under stress — even when you’re not involved in the situation — is enough to activate the stress hormone cortisol in your body as well, according to a new study.

In the study, conducted by German psychologists, people who were emotionally closest to each other, demonstrated the highest empathic stress response (Engert et al., 2014).

People even showed a significant empathic stress response when observing strangers under stress over a video link.

In the stress test, participants were given math tests and interviews which made 95% of participants stressed.

Those undergoing the tests were observed by both strangers and partners of those being stressed.

Overall, for 26% of the observers, the stress of the person they were watching was transmitted to them.

The study’s first author, Veronika Engert, was surprised by the findings:

“The fact that we could actually measure this empathic stress in the form of a significant hormone release was astonishing.

There must be a transmission mechanism via which the target’s state can elicit a similar state in the observer down to the level of a hormonal stress response.”

Sometimes the observers watched over a video link, rather than through a two-way mirror.

This made little difference to the transmission of stress to the observer: the average transmission of stress only dropped from 30% to 24%.

Engert pointed out:

“This means that even television programmes depicting the suffering of other people can transmit that stress to viewers.

Stress has enormous contagion potential.”

There was no difference between the empathic stress response of men and women.

This flies in the face of women’s claims in repeated surveys to be more empathic than men.

Image credit: Giulia Bartra