Category: Anxiety

The amygdala is an area of the brain vital to the processing of the emotions.

After nine weeks of online therapy, people experiencing social anxiety disorder show distinct changes in their brains, new research finds.

Online cognitive behavioural therapy can reduce anxiety and change brain volumes in critical areas.

The study recruited people with social anxiety disorder — one of the most common mental health problems.

Brain scans compared their brains before and after the online treatment.

Activity in the amygdala and anxiety reduced after the online cognitive behavioural therapy in comparison to a control group.

Mr Kristoffer NT Månsson, one of the study’s authors, said:

“The greater the improvement we saw in the patients, the smaller the size of their amygdalae.

The study also suggests that the reduction in volume drives the reduction in brain activity.”

The amygdala is an area of the brain vital to the processing of the emotions.

Mr Månsson said:

“Although we didn’t look at that many patients, this work provides some important knowledge — especially for all the sufferers.

Several studies have reported that certain areas of the brain differ between patients with and without anxiety disorders.

We’ve shown that the patients can improve in nine weeks — and that this leads to structural differences in their brains,”

The study was published in the journal Translational Psychiatry (Boraxbekk et al., 2016).

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Brain scans showed that people who practised a difficult version of this task coped better with negative emotions.

Computer training can change how the brain regulates emotional reactions, a new study finds.

Researchers have found that a simple attentional training task encourages the brain to ignore irrelevant information.

The task involves identifying whether arrows on the screen are pointing left or right.

At the same time people were asked to ignore other arrows on the screen placed there to distract them.

Brain scans showed that people who practised a difficult version of this task later coped better with negative emotions.

Dr Noga Cohen, the study’s first author, said:

“These findings are the first to demonstrate that non-emotional training that improves the ability to ignore irrelevant information can result in reduced brain reactions to emotional events and alter brain connections.

These changes were accompanied by strengthened neural connections between brain regions involved in inhibiting emotional reactions.”

Dr Cohen explained the results:

“As expected, participants who completed the more intense version of the training (but not the other participants) showed reduced activation in their amygdala — a brain region involved in negative emotions, including sadness and anxiety.

In addition, the intense training resulted in increased connectivity between participants’ amygdala and a region in the frontal cortex shown to be involved in emotion regulation.”

The researchers hope this could lead to new treatments, said Dr Cohen:

“It is our hope that the current work would lead to further testing and potentially the development of effective intervention for individuals suffering from maladaptive emotional behavior.

While acknowledging the limitations of this study, which was based on a relatively small number of healthy participants and focused on short-term effects of the training, this may prove effective for individuals suffering from emotion dysregulation.”

The study was published in the journal Neuroimage (Cohen et al., 2015).

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Social threats are detected by the brain in just 200 milliseconds.

The brains of highly anxious people process social threats differently than those who are more laid back, a new study finds.

Anxious people process social threats with the part of the brain responsible for taking action.

This could indicate that anxiety does not lead to ‘oversensitivity’ or paralysis.

Rather, it could help anxious people to take action sooner.

Naturally, in most people the brain devotes more processing to social threats than it does to benign occurrences, the research confirmed.

Social threats are detected by the brain in just 200 milliseconds.

Less anxious people use areas of the brain involved in face recognition.

The most threatening facial expressions, the researchers found, were an angry face making direct eye contact.

Dr Marwa El Zein, the study’s first author, said:

“In a crowd, you will be most sensitive to an angry face looking towards you, and will be less alert to an angry person looking somewhere else.

In contrast to previous work, our findings demonstrate that the brain devotes more processing resources to negative emotions that signal threat, rather than to any display of negative emotion.”

The study was published in the journal eLife (El Zein et al., 2015).

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Anxious parents tend to pass on their anxiety to their children — but this doesn’t have to be the case.

A new study finds that a family therapy intervention can help break the cycle of anxiety from parent to child.

The study included 136 families where at least one parent struggled with anxiety.

They were split into three groups, which received either:

• a year’s therapist-directed family therapy,
• or written instructions,
• or nothing.

After just one year, 31% of children of parents with anxiety who did not go to therapy or get instructions had developed anxiety.

Dr Golda Ginsburg, a psychiatrist and first author of the study, said:

“The finding underscores the vulnerability of offspring of anxious parents.

If we can identify kids at risk, let’s try and prevent this.”

However, in the group that received therapy the number of children that developed anxiety in one year was just 9%.

In the instruction group, 21% developed anxiety.

Families in the therapy group were taught to identify the signs of anxiety and how to deal with them.

One is called ‘the reality check’.

It’s all about deciding which anxieties are worth paying attention to, explained Dr Ginsburg:

“We taught the kids how to identify scary thoughts, and how to change them.

For example, if a child is afraid of cats and encounters one in the street, the child can first identify the scary thought: “That cat is going to hurt me.”

Then the child can test that thought — is it likely that the cat will hurt me?

No, the cat doesn’t look angry.

It isn’t baring its teeth or hissing, it’s just sitting there.

OK, I can walk past that cat and it won’t do anything.”

The family therapy consisted of eight one-hour sessions, but Dr Ginsburg wonders if this is enough.

Just as you might go for a medical check-up, there could be value in having a psychological check-up from time-to-time.

Dr Ginsburg said:

“I’d say we need to change our model of mental health to a checkup method.

Like going to the dentist every six months.”

The research was published in the American Journal of Psychiatry (Ginsburg et al., 2015).

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Anxiety is reduced and the brain grows with this type of thinking.

Optimistic thinking could change areas of the brain related to anxiety, a new study finds.

The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is an area of the brain important in anxiety and optimism.

Now researchers have found that people who are more optimistic have larger OFCs.

The neuroscientists were inspired by studies that suggested a smaller OFC was linked to anxiety.

Dr Sanda Dolcos, who led the research, said:

“We wanted to go in the opposite direction.

If there can be shrinkage of the orbitofrontal cortex and that shrinkage is associated with anxiety disorders, what does it mean in healthy populations that have larger OFCs?

Could that have a protective role?”

Brain scans of 61 people identified the size of the OFC and levels of optimism, anxiety, depression and emotional states.

The results suggested that it’s optimism that links OFC size with anxiety.

Dr Dolcos said:

“You can say, ‘OK, there is a relationship between the orbitofrontal cortex and anxiety. What do I do to reduce anxiety?’

And our model is saying, this is working partially through optimism.

So optimism is one of the factors that can be targeted.”

Ms Yifan Hu, one of the study’s authors, said:

“Optimism has been investigated in social psychology for years.

But somehow only recently did we start to look at functional and structural associations of this trait in the brain.

We wanted to know: If we are consistently optimistic about life, would that leave a mark in the brain?”

Professor Florin Dolcos added:

“If you can train people’s responses, the theory is that over longer periods, their ability to control their responses on a moment-by-moment basis will eventually be embedded in their brain structure.”

The research was published in the journal Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience (Dolcos et al., 2015).

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Social anxiety can be crippling, leading to lost opportunities at work and in romantic relationships. A simple tip can help, new study finds.

Performing acts of kindness can help people with social anxiety mingle with others more easily, a new study finds.

Social anxiety is about more than just being a little shy.

For sufferers, social anxiety can be crippling, leading to lost opportunities at work and elsewhere.

It can be difficult for people who are socially anxious to get close to others.

Naturally they tend to have fewer friends and can lose out on that vital source of pleasure and support.

Social anxiety and acts of kindness

Canadian researchers Jennifer Trew and Lynn Alden wanted to see if performing acts of kindness might be beneficial to the socially anxious.

People recruited into the study were put into one of three groups for four weeks:

• One group performed acts of kindness, like doing their roommates’ dishes.
• Another group were exposed to various social interactions without the acts of kindness.
• A third group who did nothing special acted as a control.

At the end of the study it was those who’d performed the acts of kindness who felt more comfortable in social interactions.

The acts of kindness seemed to help people deal with worries about rejection.

Dr Jennifer Trew said:

“Acts of kindness may help to counter negative social expectations by promoting more positive perceptions and expectations of a person’s social environment.

It helps to reduce their levels of social anxiety and, in turn, makes them less likely to want to avoid social situations.”

Professor Lynn Alden said:

“An intervention using this technique may work especially well early on while participants anticipate positive reactions from others in response to their kindness.”

The study was published in the journal Motivation and Emotion (Trew & Alden, 2015).

→ 10 Signs of Anxiety Everyone Should Know.

Drugs commonly prescribed for social anxiety could be making the problem worse.

Social anxiety disorder is linked to higher levels of serotonin in the brain, not lower as previously thought.

People with both social anxiety actually produce more of the neurotransmitter serotonin in their brains.

The more serotonin they produce, the more anxious they become.

The result is a surprise as social anxiety are often treated with SSRIs like Prozac, Paxil and Zoloft.

SSRIs actually increase the levels of serotonin in the brain.

Mr Andreas Frick, the study’s first author, said:

“Not only did individuals with social phobia make more serotonin than people without such a disorder, they also pump back more serotonin.

We were able to show this in another group of patients using a different tracer which itself measures the pump mechanism.

We believe that this is an attempt to compensate for the excess serotonin active in transmitting signals.”

For the study, 18 people with social anxiety disorder had the serotonin levels measured in their brains.

These were compared to people without the disorder.

Mr Frick said:

“Serotonin can increase anxiety and not decrease it as was previously often assumed.”

The findings follow on studies questioning the link between depression and low serotonin.

The research was published in the journal JAMA Psychiatry (Frick et al., 2015).

• Read on: Social Anxiety Disorder: Impressive Study Reveals The Very Best Treatment

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