People are often unaware of the symptoms of an anxiety attack coming on, psychologists have found.
The two main bodily symptoms of an anxiety attack are breathing too fast and increased heart rate, research finds.
These symptoms can begin up to an hour before an anxiety attack, although people often do not notice them until the last moment.
One of the best ways of dealing with an anxiety attack is by controlling breathing.
Breathing more slowly helps to lower the heart rate and reduce the feelings of losing control and unreality.
With anxiety attacks, people often report that they happen spontaneously, without being cued by anything specific.
But this research suggests they are a result of being very vigilant to relatively small fluctuations in heart rate and breathing that build up over up to an hour.
For the study, 43 people with panic disorder were monitored around the clock — these are people who often have anxiety attacks.
Portable recorders measured their heart rate, respiration, skin conductance and so on.
When they had a panic or anxiety attack, the results showed exactly what happened in the body leading up to it.
Dr Alicia E. Meuret, who led the study, explained:
“The results were just amazing.
We found that in this hour preceding naturally occurring panic attacks, there was a lot of physiological instability.
These significant physiological instabilities were not present during other times when the patient wasn’t about to have a panic attack.”
People reported that the panic or anxiety attacks were spontaneous, but there were actually many warning signs.
Dr Meuret said:
“The changes don’t seem to enter the patient’s awareness.
What they report is what happens at the end of the 60 minutes — that they’re having an out-of-the blue panic attack with a lot of intense physical sensations.
We had expected the majority of the physiological activation would occur during and following the onset of the panic attack.
But what we actually found was very little additional physiological change at that time.”
Anxiety attack symptoms
When people talk of an anxiety attack, they usually mean a panic attack.
The classic psychological signs of an anxiety or panic attack are:
- feeling of unreality,
- fear of losing control,
- and fear of dying.
The physical signs of an anxiety or panic attack are:
- shortness of breath,
- heart racing,
- dizziness,
- chest pain,
- sweating,
- hot flashes,
- trembling,
- choking,
- nausea,
- and numbness
Dr Meuret said:
“Most patients obviously feel that there must be something going on physically.
They worry they’re having a heart attack, suffocating or going to pass out.
Our data doesn’t indicate there’s something inherently wrong with them physically, neither when they are at rest nor during panic.
The fluctuations that we discovered are not extreme; they are subtle.
But they seem to build up and may result in a notion that something catastrophic is going on.”
- Read more about typical panic attack symptoms (the same as an anxiety attack).
The study was published in the journal Biological Psychiatry (Meuret et al., 2011).
