Online dating psychological research reveals who uses internet dating and why, which strategies work, and uncovers the truth about lying online.
Somewhere between one-third and three-quarters of single people with internet access have used online dating to try and meet someone new.
But, over the years, we’ve heard conflicting stories about how successful online dating is.
Believe the online dating companies and it’s all sweetness and light, with wedding bells ringing in the distance; believe the media scare stories and it’s all lying, cheating, perverted social misfits.
The truth is somewhere in between, but where?
Fortunately, now there’s enough research on online dating to suggest what’s really going on.
So, here are my 10 favourite psychological insights on online dating.
1. Online daters are not losers
Contrary to the stereotype, there’s little evidence that online dating is the last resort of social misfits or weirdos.
In fact, quite the reverse.
People doing online dating are more likely to be sociable, have high self-esteem and be low in dating anxiety (Kim et al., 2009; Valkenburg, 2007).
These studies of online dating found no evidence that people use it because they can’t hack it face-to-face.
It’s just one more way to meet new people.
People’s motivations to start online dating are many and various, typically involving a triggering event like a break-up, but overall Barraket and Henry-Waring (2008) have found that people’s motivations are less individual and more social.
People aren’t using online dating because they are shy but because they have moved to a new city, are working long hours or don’t have time to meet anyone new.
2. Online daters do lie (but only a little)
Although 94 percent deny their online dating profiles contain any fibs (Gibbs et al., 2006), psychologists are a suspicious lot.
Toma et al., (2008) measured the heights and weights of 80 people doing online dating, as well as checking their driving licences for their real age.
When this data was compared with their profiles, it showed that nine out of ten had lied on at least one of the attributes measured, but the lies were only small ones.
The most frequent offender was weight, with daters either adding or shaving off an average of 5 percent.
Daters were more truthful about their age (1.5 percent deviation) and height (1.1 percent deviation).
As expected women tended to shave off the pounds, while men gave themselves a boost in height.
These lies make little difference in the real world because the vast majority of fibbing would have been difficult to detect in person.
Most people want to meet up eventually so they know big lies are going to be caught.
3. Photo fallacies in online dating
The saying ‘the camera never lies’ is bunk.
Even without apps to iron out the wrinkles, camera angles and lighting can easily change perceived attractiveness.
People instinctively understand this when choosing their profile photo so Toma and Hancock (2010) took photographs of internet daters, then judges compared these to the real profile photos.
Although less physically attractive people were the most likely to choose a self-enhancing photo, overall the differences were tiny.
The lab photos were only a little less attractive than those chosen for online dating profiles (about 5 percent for women and 4 percent for men).
Once again, people doing online dating weren’t lying much…
4. Your best look when online dating
Clues to which types of profile photos work come from one online dating site which has analysed 7,000 photographs in its database (Oktrends, 2010):
- Women had higher response-rates when they made eye-contact with the camera and looked flirty. Conversely the least successful pictures for women were looking away with a flirty face.
- Men’s best look was away from the camera, not smiling. But guys should avoid a flirty face, which was associated with a drastic reduction in messages.
They then looked at which photos were associated with the longest online conversations.
These were where it showed the dater:
- Doing something interesting
- With an animal
- In an interesting location (travel photo)
The photos associated with shorter than average conversations were (in increasing order of conversational deterrent):
- In bed (associated with slightly shorter conversations)
- Taken outdoors
- Having fun with friends
- And the most likely to deter interactions: drinking! (associated with the shortest conversations)
(Remember, these are all associations so we can’t be sure about causality.)
5. Opposites (still) don’t attract online
Even amongst a diverse population of those doing online dating, people still prefer someone who is similar to themselves.
When Fiore and Donath (2005) examined data from 65,000 people doing online dating, they found that they were choosing based on similarity to themselves.
In this respect online dating is no different from offline dating.
On average people are looking for someone about the same as themselves.
Indeed there are now many online dating sites aimed at narrower demographics such as sports fans, Jewish people or those with particular medical conditions.
6. Online dating encourages some diversity
To examine online dating diversity, Dutton et al., (2009) surveyed 2,670 married couples in the UK, Australia and Spain.
In this sample people doing online dating were more likely to have a greater disparity in age and educational background compared with those who had met in more traditional ways.
Although opposites don’t tend to attract, by its nature internet dating does encourage diverse matches.
The authors argue that it is changing the face of marriage by bring together types of people who previously never would have met.
7. Keep the first message short in online dating
Getting a response when online dating can be a hit-and-miss affair.
An online dating site has gauged the response rate by analysing more than 500,000 initial contacts sent by their members (Oktrends, 2009).
Recipients answered only 30 percent of men’s messages to women and 45 percent of women’s messages to men.
The percentage that lead to conversations is even lower (around 20 percent and 30 percent respectively).
The one-third response rate, which is backed up by academic research (Rosen et al., 2008), is partly because many online dating accounts are dead.
Oktrends also found that longer messages only yield a small improvement in response rate for men and nothing for women.
So, don’t waste your time writing an essay.
Say hi and let them check out your profile.
8. Emotionality in online dating is attractive
In a study of online dating, Rosen et al., (2008) found evidence that more intense emotionality, e.g. using words like ‘excited’ and ‘wonderful’, made a better impression on both men and women.
This study also looked at the impact of self-disclosure.
While the results were more variable, overall people preferred relatively low-levels of self-disclosure.
9. After screening, 51% meet face-to-face
For many, but not all people doing online dating, the aim is to meet someone new in the flesh.
In a survey of 759 online daters, Rosen et al., (2008) found that 51 percent of people had made a face-to-face date within one week and one month of receiving replies to their online dating.
This first meeting is often treated by those doing online dating as the final part of the screening process (Whitty & Carr, 2006).
Is this person really who they say they are?
If so, is there any chemistry?
It’s only after this stage is complete that people can get to know each other.
10. Relationshopping in online dating
Despite all the positive things the research has to say about online dating, there’s no doubt that it can be unsatisfying and aversive.
132 online daters surveyed by Frost et al., (2008) reported that they spent 7 times as long screening other people’s profiles and sending emails than they did interacting face-to-face on real dates.
Part of the problem is that people are encouraged by online dating to think in consumerist terms (Heino et al., 2010).
Users are ‘relationshopping’: looking at other people’s features, weighing them up, then choosing potential partners, as though from a catalogue; it’s human relationships reduced to check-boxes.
This is more of a criticism of the technology currently available than it is of the general idea of online dating.
Frost et al., (2008) argue that this will change as online dating services move towards more experiential methods, such as virtual dates (see: why internet dating is aversive).
How well does online dating work?
There’s only limited data about how well online dating works and most of this research has examined heterosexual daters.
Still, Rosen et al., (2008) found that 29 percent of their sample had found serious relationships through online dating.
Dutton et al., (2009) found that about 6 percent of married couples had met online in the UK, 5 percent in Spain and 9 percent in Australia.
Looking at just younger people the percentages were much higher:
- In the US, 42 percent of couples between 26 and 35 first met online.
- In the UK, 21 percent of married couples between 19 and 25 first met online.
If a long-term relationship is what you’re after, we can certainly say that it’s working for some people.
Many are no doubt put off online dating by the scare stories, especially because these stick in the mind.
Some will find the box-ticking, relationshopping aspects off-putting, or get caught out by the tensions between representing their actual and idealised selves online.
Still others will find that low levels of response kills their enthusiasm.
The research, however, suggests that most people doing online dating are relatively honest and, for some at least, it can be successful.
→ Update: The research studies listed here is now somewhat old, but most of the general findings likely still hold true even if some of the statistics are out of date.
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